Everything below concerns REV-ERB agonist. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Last reviewed on 2026-03-07. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Storage conditions for research-grade SR9009 generally involve a freezer at approximately minus twenty degrees Celsius, sometimes lower for long-term preservation. Containers should remain tightly closed and protected from light. Desiccants may be used to limit moisture uptake. Solutions are often stored in aliquots to avoid repeated warming and cooling. Stability data for the compound under various conditions are limited, so laboratories typically follow supplier recommendations and verify performance through periodic analytical checks rather than assuming indefinite stability.
Identity and purity testing for SR9009 commonly uses liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method separates the compound from matrix components and detects it by mass-to-charge transitions, providing sensitive and specific confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural identification, while high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection may estimate purity. Because online products labeled as SR9009 may contain other substances or no active compound at all, independent verification is important in research settings. Certificates of analysis are useful but not a substitute for in-house testing.
SR9009 is frequently discussed alongside other REV-ERB ligands, including synthetic agonists and natural heme-related molecules. Its selectivity for REV-ERB over related nuclear receptors has been measured in binding and reporter assays, though off-target activity at higher concentrations is possible. The compound is prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and it is not approved for any medical use in major jurisdictions. Products sold online may be labeled as research chemicals, and their identity and purity are not guaranteed by regulatory review.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule that acts on the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors are part of the circadian clock machinery and normally repress transcription of certain target genes. In laboratory research, SR9009 is used as a chemical tool to study how REV-ERB activity influences metabolism, inflammation, and daily biological rhythms. The compound is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized. It is often described as an investigational agent rather than a therapeutic product.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical for research-grade material |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol; low aqueous solubility | Organic stock solutions are common |
| Typical storage temperature | -20 °C or lower | Protect from light and moisture |
| Common analytical method | LC-MS/MS | Used for detection and confirmation |
| Common synonyms | SR9009; Stenabolic | Stenabolic is an informal name |
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and context. It is not approved as a therapeutic drug by agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency. Sports authorities list it as a prohibited substance; the World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it among hormone and metabolic modulators. Legal status for personal possession or sale differs across jurisdictions, and some countries may restrict it under analog or research chemical laws. Buyers who seek verified material often rely on independent laboratory testing because online product labels may not match contents.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically handled as research chemicals rather than pharmaceuticals. Suppliers usually state that the material is for research use only and not for human or veterinary administration. Storage recommendations generally call for a freezer at approximately −20 °C, protection from light, and a desiccated environment. The solid is often described as a white to off-white powder. Solubility is commonly reported in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, with low solubility in water.
SR9009 stability depends on temperature, moisture, light, and solvent. Solid material is generally kept cool and dry, while solutions may require protection from repeated warming and cooling. Degradation can appear as color changes, precipitate, or new chromatographic peaks. Researchers should follow supplier instructions and their own stability data. Long-term storage conditions for human use have not been established because the compound lacks approved clinical formulation.
SR9009 is supplied as a solid research chemical, often in milligram quantities. Laboratories typically weigh it in a controlled environment because fine powders can disperse. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide and stored in small aliquots to reduce freeze-thaw cycles. Personal protective equipment and chemical fume hoods are standard when handling unknown or potent compounds. These practices address laboratory safety rather than human use.
Identity and purity of SR9009 samples are usually checked with chromatographic and spectrometric methods. High-performance liquid chromatography can separate the compound from related impurities, while mass spectrometry provides molecular mass confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy may be used for structural verification in research settings. No single method proves biological activity, and certificates of analysis should be reviewed alongside raw data. Independent testing is often needed because online products vary widely.
Because REV-ERB receptors are core clock components, SR9009 has been examined for effects on daily rhythms as well as metabolism. Research has explored whether the compound can shift or reinforce circadian gene expression in tissues such as liver and muscle. Some studies report improved metabolic markers in obese or diabetic mice, while others show context-dependent responses. Questions remain about which effects are direct, which are secondary to timing, and how they might differ across species.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. REV-ERB alpha and REV-ERB beta help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory research, SR9009 has been used to probe how these receptors affect skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. The compound was identified in academic drug-discovery work and is often described in scientific literature by its chemical name and research code. It is not an approved medicine, and human clinical data remain limited or absent.
SR9009 binds REV-ERB receptors and alters their repressive activity on target genes. This action can change transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. In rodent studies, treated animals have shown changes in muscle oxidative capacity and exercise performance, though effects vary by dose, duration, and model. The precise molecular steps connecting receptor binding to whole-body outcomes are still an active area of investigation. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
== Cell function and characteristics == Unlike other fibroblast cell types, dermal fibroblasts are far less likely to change into other cell types. For example, when a dermal fibroblast and a corneal fibroblasts are placed in the same concentrations of fibroblast growth factor, dermal fibroblast will not differentiate or change. As noted by Dr. J. Lewis and Dr. A. Johnson authors of Microbiology of the Cell, "fibroblasts from the skin are different" and behave differently from other fibroblast cells to identical chemical stimuli. Furthermore, dermal fibroblasts are less likely to replicate in either in vivo and in vitro environments than are other fibroblast types. Dermal fibroblasts require far higher concentrations of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) in order to undergo cell replication. Dermal fibroblasts are responsible for creating the ECM which organizes the stratified squamous epithelial cells of the epidermis into a unified tissue. Furthermore, dermal fibroblasts create long fibrous bands of connective tissue which anchor the skin to the fascia of the body. Therefore, without dermal fibroblasts, the largest and heaviest organ would not tightly adhere to body's frame.
Biodistribution of 14C-labelled docetaxel in three patients showed the bulk of the drug to be metabolised and excreted in bile to the faeces. Of the radioactively labelled docetaxel administered, 80% was eliminated to the faeces with 5% in the urine over seven days, an indication that urinary excretion of docetaxel is minimal. Saliva contributed minimal excretion and no excretion was detected through pulmonary means. The terminal half-life of docetaxel was determined as approximately 86 hours, through prolonged plasma sampling, contrary to the clinically stated terminal half-life of 10–18 hours.
Rockefeller Benjamin Jealous (1994), president of the NAACP Ai-jen Poo (1996), activist, recipient of the MacArthur Fellowship in 2014 Risë Wilson (1997), activist Anna Baltzer (2002), activist for Palestinian human rights Ady Barkan (2006), activist and organizer for Center for Popular Democracy Tourmaline (2006), activist and filmmaker Emma Sulkowicz (2015), performance activist known for Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight) and Ceci N'est Pas Un Viol Coleman Hughes (2020), activist and writer on issues of race and racism Henry Williams (2022), political activist and chief of staff of the Mike Gravel 2020 presidential campaign
== Treatment == Though treatment of the different chronic wound types varies slightly, appropriate treatment seeks to address the problems at the root of chronic wounds, including ischemia, bacterial load, and imbalance of proteases. Periwound skin issues should be assessed and their abatement included in a proposed treatment plan. Various methods exist to ameliorate these problems, including antibiotic and antibacterial use, debridement, irrigation, vacuum-assisted closure, warming, oxygenation, moist wound healing (the term pioneered by George D. Winter), removing mechanical stress, and adding cells or other materials to secrete or enhance levels of healing factors. It is uncertain whether intravenous metronidazole is useful in reducing foul smelling from malignant wounds. There is insufficient evidence to use silver-containing dressings or topical agents for the treatment of infected or contaminated chronic wounds. For infected wounds, the following antibiotics are often used (if organisms are susceptible) as oral therapy due to their high bioavailability and good penetration into soft tissues: ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, minocycline, linezolid, moxifloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The challenge of any treatment is to address as many adverse factors as possible simultaneously, so each of them receives equal attention and does not continue to impede healing as the treatment progresses.
==== Physical ==== Heavy, long-term exposure to marijuana may have physical, mental, behavioral and social health consequences. It may be "associated with diseases of the liver (particularly with co-existing hepatitis C), lungs, heart, and vasculature". A 2014 review found that while cannabis use may be less harmful than alcohol use, the recommendation to substitute it for problematic drinking was premature without further study. Various surveys conducted between 2015 and 2019 found that many users of cannabis substitute it for prescription drugs (including opioids), alcohol, and tobacco; most of those who used it in place of alcohol or tobacco either reduced or stopped their intake of the latter substances. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a severe condition seen in some chronic cannabis users where they have repeated bouts of uncontrollable vomiting for 24–48 hours. Four cases of death have been reported as a result of CHS. A limited number of studies have examined the effects of cannabis smoking on the respiratory system. Chronic heavy marijuana smoking is associated with respiratory infections, coughing, production of sputum, wheezing, and other symptoms of chronic bronchitis. The available evidence does not support a causal relationship between cannabis use and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Short-term use of cannabis is associated with bronchodilation. Other side effects of cannabis use include cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS), a condition which involves recurrent nausea, cramping abdominal pain, and vomiting.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
A Cochrane Review on treatments for acute CRAO included one randomized clinical trial involving pentoxifylline, which showed that pentoxifylline use (three 600 mg tablets daily) was associated with improved retinal perfusion, but it was unclear if significant improvements in visual acuity were also observed. Similar findings have been shown using Doppler OCT imaging in patients with NAION, though a study in India reported visual improvement compared to placebo in patients with optic neuropathy. Of note, TNF may be important in the immune response to certain nematode parasitic infections, and so pentoxifylline should be used with caution for those living in areas of parasite infestation; however, it is probably safe to use in otherwise healthy individuals living in urban, temperate environments. Overall, routine use of pentoxifylline in ischemic optic neuropathies was not supported given limited evidence, but the absence of major adverse effects and the absence of other proven therapies suggest a possible therapeutic role for pentoxifylline.
== Further reading == E. M. Thurman, M. S. Mills, Solid-Phase Extraction: Principles and Practice, Wiley-Interscience, 1998, ISBN 978-0-471-61422-7 Nigel J.K. Simpson, Solid-Phase Extraction: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, CRC, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8247-0021-8 James S. Fritz, Analytical Solid-Phase Extraction, Wiley-VCH, 1999, ISBN 978-0-471-24667-1
Brachytherapy is used to place a sealed radioactive source inside or near the body to treat cancer, such as prostate cancer. Afterloading brachytherapy is often combined with teletherapy, which is external radiation delivered from a greater distance than brachytherapy. It is not classified as a nuclear medicine procedure, although like nuclear medicine, it uses the radiation emitted by radionuclides. After initial interest in brachytherapy in the early 20th century, its use declined in the mid-20th century because of the radiation exposure to physicians from manual handling of the radiation sources. It was not until the development of remote-controlled afterloading systems and the use of new radiation sources in the 1950s and 1960s that the risk of unnecessary radiation exposure to physicians and patients was reduced. In the afterloading procedure, an empty, tubular applicator is inserted into the target volume (e.g., the uterus) before the actual therapy and, after checking the position, loaded with a radioactive preparation. The preparation is located at the tip of a steel wire that is advanced and retracted step by step under computer control. After the pre-calculated time, the source is withdrawn into a safe and the applicator is removed. The procedure is used for breast cancer, bronchial carcinoma or oral floor carcinoma, among others. Beta emitters such as 90Sr or 106Ru or 192Ir are used.
Already chief scientist, Van de Graaff joined HVEC full-time in 1960. He worked with colleagues to introduce the industrial core transformer. Focused on scientific hypothesis at the frontier of the field, he championed development of the company's most ambitious accelerator. Theoretical models predicted an "island of stability" of superheavy elements—heavy atoms that would resist rapid radioactive decay despite lying beyond uranium on the periodic table. Van de Graaff believed that stable superheavy elements could provide nuclear fuel for long-distance space missions or enable compact nuclear weapons, making superheavy ion synthesis the top priority for accelerator research. The proposed 20-megavolt Transuranium Accelerator (XTU) pushed HVEC accelerators towards this frontier. HVEC invested more than $4.6 million in two XTU prototypes (equivalent to $44.4 million in 2025). Anticipating that laboratories would compete to acquire machines capable of historic discoveries, leadership adopted a "build first and seek customers later" approach. During the XTU's construction in 1967–68, federal support for basic nuclear physics declined sharply. The Vietnam War and Great Society programs drew resources away from fundamental research. Simultaneously, the discovery of sub-atomic quarks put the high-energy frontier of physics research beyond the reach of Van de Graaff accelerators. By the time the XTU passed preliminary tests the following year, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission had said it would not fund purchases.
== Trends in outbreaks of produce-related illness == An analysis of 3,500 food-poisoning outbreaks between 1990 and 2003 found that contaminated produce was responsible for the greatest number of individual foodborne illnesses. The study, by the Center for Science in the Public Interest, found that produce caused 428 outbreaks and 23,857 cases of illness. Authorities note that several factors have contributed to the rise in outbreaks:
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Adam Braverman === Adam Braverman (Peter Krause), age 40 at the beginning of the series, is Kristina's husband and the father of Max, Haddie, and Nora. He is the oldest Braverman child and all of his siblings and parents consult him in times of crisis. Adam is affable and dependable, and resolved to have a normal, happy family. Although usually in control, Adam punches a man who calls Max a "retard." Due to tensions with his boss at work, Adam was fired from the shoe company. After being unemployed and unable to find a new job, Adam goes into the music business with his brother Crosby, and together they open a recording studio called "The Luncheonette", formerly a working diner. In 2011, Adam and Kristina have their third child, a daughter named Nora. He is often shown struggling to deal with not only his own problems but those of the entire family. In season 6, when The Luncheonette business is slow, Adam takes time to teach the "culinary arts" class at Chambers Academy, the school Kristina starts. After The Luncheonette is broken into and robbed, Adam steps away from the business. After receiving an offer to re-enter the corporate world, Adam finds his passion in running Chambers Academy after Kristina begins working on opening more schools.
Spanish fly is an emerald-green beetle, Lytta vesicatoria, in the blister beetle family (Meloidae). It and other such species were used in preparations offered by traditional apothecaries. The insect is the source of the terpenoid cantharidin, a toxic blistering agent once used as an aphrodisiac.
== Industrial collaborations == Brenner is a former member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Sirtris Pharmaceuticals. He currently serves as chief scientific advisor of Niagen Bioscience and NADMED.
=== Protein–lipid electrostatic interactions === Any positively charged protein will be attracted to a negatively charged membrane by nonspecific electrostatic interactions. However, not all peripheral peptides and proteins are cationic, and only certain sides of membrane are negatively charged. These include the cytoplasmic side of plasma membranes, the outer leaflet of bacterial outer membranes and mitochondrial membranes. Therefore, electrostatic interactions play an important role in membrane targeting of electron carriers such as cytochrome c, cationic toxins such as charybdotoxin, and specific membrane-targeting domains such as some PH domains, C1 domains, and C2 domains. Electrostatic interactions are strongly dependent on the ionic strength of the solution. These interactions are relatively weak at the physiological ionic strength (0.14M NaCl): ~3 to 4 kcal/mol for small cationic proteins, such as cytochrome c, charybdotoxin or hisactophilin.
==== Analysis of archaeologic materials ==== Direct insertion electron ionization mass spectrometry (direct insertion EI-MS) has been used for the identification of archeological adhesives such as tars, resins and waxes found during excavations on archeological sites. These samples are typically investigated using gas chromatography–MS with extraction, purification, and derivatization of the samples. Due to the fact that these samples were deposited in prehistoric periods, they are often preserved in small amounts. By using direct insertion EI–MS archaeological samples, ancient organic remains like pine and pistacia resins, birch bark tar, beeswax, and plant oils as far from bronze and Iron Age periods were directly analyzed. The advantage of this technique is that the required amount of sample is less and the sample preparation is minimized. Both direct insertion-MS and gas chromatography-MS were used and compared in a study of characterization of the organic material present as coatings in Roman and Egyptian amphoras can be taken as an example of archeological resinous materials. From this study, it reveals that, the direct insertion procedure seems to be a fast, straightforward and a unique tool which is suitable for screening of organic archeological materials which can reveal information about the major constituents within the sample. This method provides information on the degree of oxidation and the class of materials present. As a drawback of this method, less abundant components of the sample may not be identified.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Research-grade SR9009 is typically stored frozen at about minus twenty degrees Celsius, protected from light and moisture. Stock solutions are often kept in aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Specific storage conditions should follow the supplier's documentation.
Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry is widely used to detect and confirm SR9009 in laboratory samples. The technique offers high sensitivity and can distinguish the target compound from related substances. Nuclear magnetic resonance and ultraviolet detection may support identity and purity checks.
Online products labeled as SR9009 may vary in identity, purity, and actual content. Independent testing helps confirm that a sample matches its label and does not contain unexpected contaminants. This is important for reproducible research and for interpreting experimental results.
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that binds and modulates the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used in laboratory studies of circadian biology and metabolism, not as an approved medicine. It is also known by the informal name Stenabolic.