SR9009 is one of those subjects where the details matter more than the headlines. This page pulls together the background, the mechanisms, and the practical points readers ask about most.
Last reviewed on 2026-07-27. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Analytical identification of SR9009 typically relies on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. In biological samples, researchers first separate the compound from matrix components using protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural confirmation of reference materials. Because SR9009 is a small, relatively lipophilic molecule, reverse-phase columns and acidic mobile phases are common. Laboratories often include isotope-labeled internal standards to improve quantification and to correct for ion suppression.
Stability depends on physical form, temperature, light exposure, and solvent. Solid SR9009 is generally stored cold and dry, with protection from light to limit degradation. Dimethyl sulfoxide stocks are common for laboratory work, but repeated freeze-thaw cycles can reduce compound integrity. Aqueous solutions may be less stable than organic stocks, and the ethyl ester in the structure can be susceptible to hydrolysis under certain conditions. Researchers typically validate storage conditions and recheck purity before quantitative experiments, especially when using archived material.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and region. It is not approved as a pharmaceutical, and several jurisdictions restrict its sale for human consumption. Some authorities classify it as a research chemical, a prescription-only substance, or a prohibited performance-enhancing agent in sport. Purchasers may encounter certificates of analysis, but these documents do not guarantee identity, purity, or legality. In research settings, institutional safety reviews and controlled procurement help ensure that materials are handled under appropriate oversight. The absence of harmonized rules means that legal status can change and requires verification.
Preclinical reports have linked SR9009 to improved endurance and altered energy expenditure in rodents. Such findings have prompted interest in whether REV-ERB activation can influence skeletal muscle metabolism. However, the reported effects depend on dose, route, and experimental model, and replication across laboratories is limited. Human trials have not established comparable outcomes, so claims about exercise performance remain speculative. The absence of controlled human data is a central limitation in interpreting these observations.
The mechanism of action involves binding to REV-ERB receptors and recruiting corepressor complexes, which represses target gene transcription. This contrasts with many nuclear receptor agonists that activate transcription. Downstream effects may include changes in autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipid handling, but the precise pathways remain an active area of study. Whether these molecular events translate into meaningful physiological effects in humans is unresolved. Most evidence comes from cultured cells and rodent models rather than human participants.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common synonyms | SR9009; Stenabolic | Nickname is not a chemical name. |
| Typical analytical method | LC-MS/MS | Often with isotope-labeled internal standard. |
| Storage temperature | -20 °C | Desiccated and protected from light. |
| Solution stability | DMSO stock; avoid freeze-thaw | Store at -20 to -80 °C. |
| Regulatory status | Not approved; varies by country | May be restricted as research chemical. |
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory experiments, SR9009 binds these receptors and alters transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. It is not a naturally occurring compound and has no approved therapeutic use. Research interest stems from its ability to modify energy metabolism in cells and animal models.
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
SR9009 binds REV-ERB receptors and alters their repressive activity on target genes. This action can change transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. In rodent studies, treated animals have shown changes in muscle oxidative capacity and exercise performance, though effects vary by dose, duration, and model. The precise molecular steps connecting receptor binding to whole-body outcomes are still an active area of investigation. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Because REV-ERB receptors are core clock components, SR9009 has been examined for effects on daily rhythms as well as metabolism. Research has explored whether the compound can shift or reinforce circadian gene expression in tissues such as liver and muscle. Some studies report improved metabolic markers in obese or diabetic mice, while others show context-dependent responses. Questions remain about which effects are direct, which are secondary to timing, and how they might differ across species.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. REV-ERB alpha and REV-ERB beta help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory research, SR9009 has been used to probe how these receptors affect skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. The compound was identified in academic drug-discovery work and is often described in scientific literature by its chemical name and research code. It is not an approved medicine, and human clinical data remain limited or absent.
Analytical methods for SR9009 typically rely on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The technique can separate the parent compound from related substances and detect low concentrations in biological matrices. Urine and blood are common samples in anti-doping testing, while in vitro studies may use cell culture media. Rapid metabolism and low expected concentrations make method validation important for reliable identification. Exact metabolite patterns can vary by species and are not fully mapped.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 reflects its investigational status. The compound has no approved human therapeutic indication, and sports authorities prohibit its use. It appears on anti-doping lists as a non-approved substance or metabolic modulator, depending on the list version. Products sold online as research chemicals are not quality-controlled medicines, so their identity and purity can differ from the label. Such products may also contain unlisted compounds, which complicates both testing and safety assessment.
Scientific discussion of SR9009 often separates animal evidence from human anecdote. Rodent studies provide controlled data on endurance, metabolism, and gene expression, but they use specific strains, doses, and treatment durations. Human reports are mostly uncontrolled and cannot establish cause and effect. Open questions include oral bioavailability, tissue distribution, metabolic stability, and long-term effects. Review articles generally call for more rigorous pharmacokinetic and safety research before any clinical use could be considered.
== Structure and properties == Two crystalline forms are known. Orthorhombic β-K2SO4 is the common form, but it converts to α-K2SO4 above 583 °C. These structures are complex, although the sulfate adopts the typical tetrahedral geometry.
== Further reading == Pohlschroder, Mechthild; Pfeiffer, Friedhelm; Schulze, Stefan; Halim, Mohd Farid Abdul (1 September 2018). "Archaeal cell surface biogenesis". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 42 (5): 694–717. doi:10.1093/femsre/fuy027. PMC 6098224. PMID 29912330.
== Death == On April 17, 2002, Staley's mother went to his apartment to inform him about the death of Demri Lara Parrott's brother, but there was no answer. On April 19, Staley's accountants contacted his former manager, Susan Silver, and told her that no money had been withdrawn from the singer's bank account in two weeks. Silver then contacted Staley's mother, who went back to his apartment and discovered delivered mail by his door. Staley owned a cat named Sadie at the time, who was usually quiet; upon hearing Sadie meow, Staley's mother became worried the animal was distressed and that Staley might be in trouble. Still not receiving an answer, McCallum called 9-1-1 to say she had not heard from him "in about two weeks". She entered the apartment with police and her ex-husband, Jim Elmer. It was reported that the 6-foot (183 cm) Staley weighed only 86 pounds (39 kg) when his partially decomposed body was discovered. Medical examiners had to identify the body by comparing dental records. The autopsy and toxicology report revealed that Staley had died from a mixture of heroin and cocaine, known as a speedball. The autopsy concluded that Staley had died two weeks before his body was found, on April 5—the same day fellow grunge musician Kurt Cobain committed suicide eight years prior. His death was classified as "accidental". Staley's Alice in Chains bandmates issued the following statement:
== Traffic congestion == TomTom, the Dutch manufacturer of land navigation products, ranked Bangkok as the second-most traffic-clogged city of 189 cities studied worldwide. Mexico City topped the rankings. Other ASEAN cities listed were Jakarta, third, and Singapore at 55. The INRIX 2016 Global Traffic Scorecard ranked Thailand as the most congested nation of 38 studied for "average peak hours spent in congestion". Thais spent an average of 61 hours in 2016 stuck in traffic. Bangkok was ranked 11 of 100 cities for "peak hours spent in congestion", 64 hours. Based on 2015 data, Dutch navigation and digital mapping company, TomTom NV, ranked Bangkok number two in a listing of the 174 most traffic congested cities worldwide (1=most congested; 174=least congested). Mexico City ranked number one. No other ASEAN cities made the list.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Commercial applications === Similar to other networking technologies that began with the defense sector, e.g., the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) funding ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet, DASH7 is similarly suited to a wide range of applications in development or being deployed, including:
restrictions on the amount of exposed steel set by building codes. encasing structural steel in brick masonry or concrete to delay exposure to high temperatures. Historically, these masonry encasement methods use large amounts of heavy materials, thus greatly increasing the load to the steel frame. Newer materials and methods have been developed to resolve this issue. The following lists both older and newer methods of fireproofing steel beams (i-beams):
=== EC 2.4.2: Pentosyltransferases === EC 2.4.2.1: purine-nucleoside phosphorylase EC 2.4.2.2: pyrimidine-nucleoside phosphorylase EC 2.4.2.3: uridine phosphorylase EC 2.4.2.4: thymidine phosphorylase EC 2.4.2.5: nucleoside ribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.6: nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.7: adenine phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.8: hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.9: uracil phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.10: orotate phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.11: now EC 6.3.4.21 nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.12: nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.13: now EC 2.5.1.6 methionine adenosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.14: amidophosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.15: guanosine phosphorylase EC 2.4.2.16: urate-ribonucleotide phosphorylase EC 2.4.2.17: ATP phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.18: anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.19: nicotinate-nucleotide diphosphorylase (carboxylating) EC 2.4.2.20: dioxotetrahydropyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.21: nicotinate-nucleotide—dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.22: xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.23: This activity has been shown to be catalysed by EC 2.4.2.2, pyrimidine-nucleoside phosphorylase, EC 2.4.2.3, uridine phosphorylase, and EC 2.4.2.4, thymidine phosphorylase.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Neil Alan Dickson, MBE. Co-Founder, The Brain Tumour Charity. For services to People with Brain Tumours. Andrew James Dixon. Founding Trustee, Woodhaven Trust and Fairer Share and Founder, Arc InterCapital. For services to Prisoners and Ex-Offenders, to Property Tax Reform and to Entrepreneurship. Josephine Naomi Clare Dobrin. Co-Founder and Executive Chair, Creative Access. For services to the Creative Industries. Jonathan Donaghy. Deputy Director, Customs, HM Treasury. For Public Service. Amy Louise Doncaster. Deputy Director, Strategy and Future Design, Department for Work and Pensions. For Public Service. Terence Anthony Donnelly. Executive Chair, Donnelly Motor Group and Director, Taxi and Bus Conversions Ltd. For services to the Motor Industry in Northern Ireland. Professor Carol Ann Doyle. Lately Head of School for Nursing and Midwifery Education, Birmingham City University. For services to Nurse Education. Rachael Louise Doyle (Rachael Mills). Director, SE2 and Chirpy Heat. For services to Energy Efficiency and to Diversity and Inclusion. Philip Stephen Dudderidge. Co-Founder and Chair, Focusrite plc. For services to Business and to the Music Industry. Andrew Grant Duncan, DL. For services to the community in Worcestershire. Michael George Eakin. Chief Executive, Royal Liverpool Philharmonic. For services to Music and to the community in Liverpool, Merseyside. Catherine Louise Edwards. Lately Clinical Programmes Director, National Specialised Commissioning, NHS England. For services to the NHS. Emrys Shaun Elias.
== External links == Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA), Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) CLIA Regulations Assessment Workgroup, CDC Clinical Laboratory Improvement Advisory Committee (CLIAC) CLIA Laboratory Lookup, CMS S&C's Quality, Certification and Oversight Reports (QCOR)
=== Priming and deblocking === To become functional, the 4'-phospho-pantetheine sidechain of acyl-CoA molecules has to be attached to the PCP-domain by 4'PP transferases (Priming) and the S-attached acyl group has to be removed by specialized associated thioesterases (TE-II) (Deblocking).
The original endogenous chemistry was also found in MOR 1125 based on preservation of elements associated with bone remodeling and redeposition (sulfur, calcium, zinc), which showed that the bone cortices are similar to those of extant birds. In studies reported in Science in April 2007, Asara and colleagues concluded that seven traces of collagen proteins detected in purified T. rex bone most closely match those reported in chickens, followed by frogs and newts. The discovery of proteins from a creature tens of millions of years old, along with similar traces the team found in a mastodon bone at least 160,000 years old, upends the conventional view of fossils and may shift paleontologists' focus from bone hunting to biochemistry. Until these finds, most scientists presumed that fossilization replaced all living tissue with inert minerals. Paleontologist Hans Larsson of McGill University in Montreal, who was not part of the studies, called the finds "a milestone", and suggested that dinosaurs could "enter the field of molecular biology and really slingshot paleontology into the modern world". The presumed soft tissue was called into question by Thomas Kaye of the University of Washington and his co-authors in 2008. They contend that what was really inside the tyrannosaur bone was slimy biofilm created by bacteria that coated the voids once occupied by blood vessels and cells. The researchers found that what previously had been identified as remnants of blood cells, because of the presence of iron, were actually framboids, microscopic mineral spheres bearing iron.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The most common approach is liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, often after extraction from blood, urine, or tissue. Ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are used mainly for reference material characterization. Isotope-labeled internal standards improve accuracy.
Solid material is usually kept at -20 °C, desiccated, and protected from light. Dimethyl sulfoxide stocks should be stored cold and subjected to minimal freeze-thaw cycles. Aqueous solutions are generally less stable and should be prepared fresh when possible.
Legality depends on the country and the intended use. It is not an approved medicine, and some places restrict or ban sales for human consumption. Buyers should verify local rules and product documentation before procurement.
It is a synthetic compound that acts as an agonist at REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used mainly as a research chemical to study circadian and metabolic pathways. It is not approved for human therapeutic use.