REV-ERB agonist is one of those subjects where the details matter more than the headlines. This page pulls together the background, the mechanisms, and the practical points readers ask about most.
Last reviewed on 2026-07-08. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies showing improved running endurance in mice after short treatment periods. Those experiments linked the compound to increased mitochondrial content and fatty acid oxidation in muscle, but the findings come from animal models and specific dosing schedules. Independent replication has been limited, and the pathways connecting REV-ERB activation to exercise performance are still being mapped. Whether similar responses occur in humans is an open question.
SR9009 is often grouped with compounds studied for circadian and metabolic regulation rather than with classical anabolic steroids. Its interactions with nuclear receptors differ from those of androgen receptor ligands, and its proposed mechanisms involve transcriptional control rather than direct hormone signaling. Some sources classify it as a metabolic modulator because of observed effects on energy utilization. The distinction matters for regulation and for interpreting research results across different compound classes.
The mechanism of action involves binding to REV-ERB receptors and recruiting corepressor complexes, which represses target gene transcription. This contrasts with many nuclear receptor agonists that activate transcription. Downstream effects may include changes in autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipid handling, but the precise pathways remain an active area of study. Whether these molecular events translate into meaningful physiological effects in humans is unresolved. Most evidence comes from cultured cells and rodent models rather than human participants.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα (NR1D1) and REV-ERBβ (NR1D2). These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial function. It is not an approved medicine, and its pharmacological profile in humans remains largely uncharacterized. The compound is frequently discussed in the context of circadian biology and metabolic research rather than clinical use.
Preclinical reports have linked SR9009 to improved endurance and altered energy expenditure in rodents. Such findings have prompted interest in whether REV-ERB activation can influence skeletal muscle metabolism. However, the reported effects depend on dose, route, and experimental model, and replication across laboratories is limited. Human trials have not established comparable outcomes, so claims about exercise performance remain speculative. The absence of controlled human data is a central limitation in interpreting these observations.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the free base |
| Molecular weight | 437.9 g/mol | Calculated from the formula |
| Primary target | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptors involved in circadian regulation |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Poorly soluble in water |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated | Protect from light and moisture |
REV-ERB proteins typically suppress gene expression by recruiting corepressor complexes to DNA response elements. SR9009 binds these receptors and strengthens that repressive action in cell-based assays. Studies in rodents have reported changes in lipid handling, mitochondrial function, and exercise capacity after treatment. Such findings are often cited as evidence for metabolic effects, but species differences and limited pharmacokinetic data make direct translation to humans uncertain. Researchers continue to examine which effects are robust and which depend on specific experimental conditions.
SR9009 is frequently discussed alongside other REV-ERB ligands, including synthetic agonists and natural heme-related molecules. Its selectivity for REV-ERB over related nuclear receptors has been measured in binding and reporter assays, though off-target activity at higher concentrations is possible. The compound is prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and it is not approved for any medical use in major jurisdictions. Products sold online may be labeled as research chemicals, and their identity and purity are not guaranteed by regulatory review.
SR9009 stability depends on temperature, moisture, light, and solvent. Solid material is generally kept cool and dry, while solutions may require protection from repeated warming and cooling. Degradation can appear as color changes, precipitate, or new chromatographic peaks. Researchers should follow supplier instructions and their own stability data. Long-term storage conditions for human use have not been established because the compound lacks approved clinical formulation.
SR9009 is supplied as a solid research chemical, often in milligram quantities. Laboratories typically weigh it in a controlled environment because fine powders can disperse. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide and stored in small aliquots to reduce freeze-thaw cycles. Personal protective equipment and chemical fume hoods are standard when handling unknown or potent compounds. These practices address laboratory safety rather than human use.
Only once, when she was 13, did she make an extended visit to her parents, then living in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, where her father was Principal of Gordon College. When she was 14, her distant cousin, the chemist Charles Harington (later Sir Charles), recommended D. S. Parsons' Fundamentals of Biochemistry. Resuming the pre-war pattern, her parents lived and worked abroad for part of the year, returning to England and their children for several months every summer. In 1926, on his retirement from the Sudan Civil Service, her father took the post of Director of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, where he and her mother remained until 1935. In 1928, Hodgkin joined her parents at the archaeological site of Jerash, in present-day Jordan, where she documented the patterns of mosaics from multiple Byzantine-era Churches dated to the 5th–6th centuries. She spent more than a year finishing the drawings as she started her studies in Oxford, while also conducting chemical analyses of glass tesserae from the same site. Her attention to detail through the creation of precise scale drawings of these mosaics mirrors her subsequent work in recognising and documenting patterns in chemistry. Hodgkin enjoyed the experience of field archaeology so much that she considered giving up chemistry in favour of archaeology. Her drawings are archived by Yale University. Hodgkin developed a passion for chemistry from a young age, and her mother, a proficient botanist, fostered her interest in the sciences. On her 16th birthday her mother gave her a book by W. H.
=== Prescribing restrictions === Isotretinoin is a teratogen; there is about a 20–35% risk for congenital defects in infants exposed to the drug in utero, and about 30–60% of children exposed to isotretinoin prenatally have been reported to show neurocognitive impairment. Because of this risk, there are strict controls prescribing isotretinoin to women who have potential to become (or be) pregnant while taking isotretinoin and many are strongly advised to terminate their pregnancies because of the 20-60% risk. Isotretinoin is also not recommended for use by breastfeeding women. In the United States, since March 2006, the dispensing of isotretinoin is run through the iPLEDGE program, under the direction of the Food and Drug Administration. Prescribers, pharmacists, and all people to whom the drug is prescribed need to register on the site and log information into it. Women with child-bearing potential must commit to using two forms of effective contraception simultaneously for the duration of isotretinoin therapy and for a month immediately preceding and a month immediately following therapy. Additionally, they must have two negative pregnancy tests 30 days apart and have negative pregnancy tests before each prescription is written. In most countries, isotretinoin can only be prescribed by dermatologists or specialist physicians; some countries also allow limited prescriptions by general practitioners and family doctors. In the United Kingdom and Australia, isotretinoin may be prescribed only by or under the supervision of a consultant dermatologist.
=== Phylogenetic relationships and molecular studies === Modern taxonomy places X. parietina in the family Teloschistaceae, order Teloschistales, within the class Lecanoromycetes (lichenized Ascomycota). It is closely related to other orange lichens such as those in the genera Caloplaca, Teloschistes, and other members of the Xanthorioid clade of the Teloschistaceae. Molecular studies have helped clarify its phylogenetic relationships. For example, DNA sequence analyses provided evidence that X. parietina is genetically distinct from Xanthoria aureola, another yellow coastal lichen that had sometimes been considered merely a variety or form of X. parietina. Their study confirmed that X. aureola is a separate species, not conspecific with X. parietina. Microscopic studies have established Xanthoria parietina as the prototype species for the "Teloschistes-type" ascus, a structural category characterized by an apically thickened, strongly amyloid outer layer and a dome-like apex that splits longitudinally during spore release. This ascus type, originally described in members of Xanthoria, Teloschistes, and related genera, differs from the "Lecanora-type" by lacking a specialized discharge mechanism and instead relying on simple rupture for ascospore release. Early electron microscopy investigations of X. parietina helped clarify the functional nature of this ascus and its distinction from other ascus types found in lichenized fungi.
== History == There were two clinical trials that evaluated the benefits and side effects of bempedoic acid. The trial designs were similar. All enrolled subjects were on a lipid-lowering diet and taking the highest dose of a statin (drug commonly used to lower cholesterol) for high cholesterol. In both trials, subjects were randomly assigned to receive bempedoic acid or placebo tablets every day for 52-weeks. Neither the subjects nor the health care providers knew which treatment was being given. The trials measured percent change in LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) blood levels from baseline to week twelve and compared bempedoic acid to placebo. In one clinical trial, bempedoic acid reduced LDL-C by about 20 mg/dl compared to placebo and had a similar frequency of side effects to placebo, although a higher percentage of drug-receiving subjects dropped out of the study because of side effects (11% vs. 7% under placebo). In one randomized controlled trial, patients who could not tolerate therapy with statins had a reduced risk of major adverse cardiovascular events after being treated with bempedoic acid. In January 2020, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use in the European Union recommended granting of a marketing authorization for bempedoic acid as both a standalone drug (brand name Nilemdo) and as a fixed-dose combination medication with ezetimibe (brand name Nustendi). Bempedoic acid was approved for use in the European Union in April 2020, and the combination bempedoic acid/ezetimibe was approved in March 2020.
=== Lithium === Tritium is most often produced in nuclear reactors by neutron activation of lithium-6. The release and diffusion of tritium and helium produced by the fission of lithium can take place within ceramics known as breeder ceramics. Production of tritium from lithium-6 in such breeder ceramics is possible with neutrons of any energy, though the cross section is higher when the incident neutrons have lower energy, reaching more than 900 barns for thermal neutrons. This is an exothermic reaction, yielding 4.8 MeV. In comparison, fusion of deuterium with tritium releases about 17.6 MeV. For applications in proposed fusion energy reactors, such as ITER, pebbles consisting of lithium bearing ceramics including Li2TiO3 and Li4SiO4, are being developed for tritium breeding within a helium-cooled pebble bed, also known as a breeder blanket.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
an intermediate or building block in the synthesis of non-ionic and other surfactants and related functional additives; a component of lubricant and plastic additive systems, including thermoplastic polyurethanes, where long-chain alcohols are used to modify flexibility and permeability; a minor constituent of policosanol-type mixtures employed in cosmetics and personal-care products as part of the lipid phase of creams and emulsions. Because of its chain length and structural similarity to other fatty alcohols, 1-heneicosanol is also used as a reference compound and analytical standard in studies of plant waxes, policosanol mixtures and related lipid fractions. Available safety data sheets describe 1-heneicosanol as a low-volatility solid that is not classified as hazardous under European CLP regulations, but which may cause mild irritation to the skin, eyes and respiratory tract on contact or inhalation of dust. Standard laboratory precautions such as avoiding dust formation, using local exhaust ventilation and wearing eye and skin protection are recommended.
Stanford dedicated the BIL gate's design to the public domain, which may speed its adoption. According to Endy, other researchers were already using the gates to reprogram metabolism when the Stanford team published its research. Computing by transcriptor is still very slow; it can take a few hours between receiving an input signal and generating an output. Endy doubted that biocomputers would ever be as fast as traditional computers, but added that is not the goal of his research. "We're building computers that will operate in a place where your cellphone isn't going to work", he said. Medical devices with built-in biological computers could monitor, or even alter, cell behavior from inside a patient's body. ExtremeTech writes:
In humans, it has been used to treat diarrhoea and enteritis caused by bacterial or protozoan infections, including traveler's diarrhoea, cholera, and bacteremic salmonellosis. In 2002, a journal article suggested its use in treatment of H. pylori infections in children. Furazolidone has also been used for giardiasis (due to Giardia lamblia), amoebiasis, and shigellosis, although it is not a first-line treatment. From the early 1970s, it has been used in China to treat peptic ulcers, where the mechanism is treatment of the causative Helicobacter pylori infection. As a veterinary medicine, furazolidone has been used with some success to treat salmonids for Myxobolus cerebralis infections. It has also been used in aquaculture. Since furazolidone is a nitrofuran antibiotic, its use in food animals is currently prohibited by the FDA under the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act, 1994. Furazolidone is no longer available in the US. It is used to differentiate micrococci and staphylococci. It is believed to work by crosslinking of DNA.
=== Erroneous report === In 1815, the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius analysed an unusual sample of gadolinite from a copper mine in Falun, central Sweden. He noted impregnated traces of a white mineral, which he cautiously assumed to be an earth (oxide in modern chemical nomenclature) of an unknown element. Berzelius had already discovered two elements, cerium and selenium, but he had made a public mistake once, announcing a new element, gahnium, that turned out to be zinc oxide. Berzelius privately named the putative element "thorium" in 1817 and its supposed oxide "thorina" after Thor, the Norse god of thunder. In 1824, after more deposits of the same mineral in Vest-Agder, Norway, were discovered, he retracted his findings, as the mineral (later named xenotime) proved to be mostly yttrium orthophosphate.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Only one political party, the Progressive Party, contested in the highly restricted general election, which continued in 1951. During the 1950s, Chinese communists, with strong ties to the trade unions and Chinese schools, waged a guerrilla war against the government, leading to the Malayan Emergency. The 1954 National Service riots, 1955 Hock Lee bus riots, and 1956 Chinese middle schools riots in Singapore were all linked to these events. David Marshall, pro-independence leader of the Labour Front, won Singapore's general election in 1955 which had an expanded but not universal suffrage. During his chief ministership, he led a delegation to London for complete self-rule, but Britain had rejected his demand. He subsequently resigned and was replaced by Lim Yew Hock in 1956, and after further negotiations, Britain agreed to grant Singapore full internal self-government for all matters except defence and foreign affairs on 3 June 1959. Days before, in the general election of 30 May which had universal suffrage, the PAP won a landslide victory under Lee Kuan Yew. Governor William Goode served as the first head of state, also known as the Yang di-Pertuan Negara.
Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is HPOA without signs of pulmonary disease. This form has a hereditary component, although subtle cardiac abnormalities can occasionally be found. It is known eponymously as the Touraine–Solente–Golé syndrome. This condition has been linked to mutations in the gene on the fourth chromosome (4q33-q34) coding for the enzyme 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD); this leads to decreased breakdown of prostaglandin E2 and elevated levels of this substance. Another congenital form involves mutations in SLCO2A1, which cells use to uptake prostaglandin from the surroundings.
== History == The discovery of coordination polymers, or as later termed metal-organic frameworks, was a logical continuation of research on post-zeolite materials. In 1989 Richard Robson reported the first organic copper-based coordination network by complexation of anions with tetrahedral bridging ligands. Similar copper(I) coordination polymers have been synthesized in 1992 by Susumu Kitagawa, which contained pores with loosely bound acetone molecules, but the structure would collapse upon their removal. Further efforts were devoted to develop extended 3D porous networks that would be stable upon removal of guest molecule and would exhibit permanent porosity. In 1995, Omar M. Yaghi demonstrated interpenetrated 2-D structure with carboxylate-based linkers that remained stable upon guest removal and could re-adsorb specific aromatic molecules. Permanent porosity in 3-D coordination polymer was first demonstrated in 1997 by Susumu Kitagawa. A year later, Yaghi proposed a new synthetical concept that employs secondary building units (SBUs) — metal-carboxylate clusters that serve as rigid building blocks for constructing frameworks with permanent porosity. In 1999, Yaghi and colleagues used SBU approach to synthesize MOF-5 that consists of zinc oxide clusters and terephthalate linkers. MOF-5 exhibits strong bonds between metal centers and coordinating organic molecules and hence exhibits high thermal stability while maintaining high porosity..
The first President of Cuba, Tomás Estrada Palma, was a Freemason. After his election in April 1902, he returned from exile to Cuba and went on a tour of the island's Masonic Lodges. On May 20, 1902, the Cuban flag was raised for the first time on its own, without the American Flag flying next to it. The next day, on May 21, General Máximo Gómez placed that same exact flag in a wooden chest and handed the chest to Grand Master José Fernández Pellón Castellanos, to ceremonially honor the sacrifices that Cuban Freemasons had made, and the efforts that Cuban Freemasonry had contributed to the creation of an independent Cuba. Freemasonry steadily grew across Cuba. New Masonic Temples were erected across the island, and a Masonic Band was created. Freemasons largely returned to the normal work of charity; schools were built, shoes were dispensed to children in need, an ambulance was given to a hospital, hurricane relief funds were gathered for Puerto Rico and other islands, medical procedures were funded, and a dental dispensary was created. Four entirely English-speaking Lodges were established in communities that had been established by American colonists to the island; Island Lodge in Havana, Landmark Lodge in Camagüey, Kane Lodge in Banes, and Santa Fe Lodge on the Isle of Pines. By 1953, there were 400 English-speaking members across these English language Lodges.
However at the end of training, specialists under contract must return to work at that particular hospital for a minimum of the duration of residency. Most residency programs in Thailand consist of three to four years of training. The duration of training may be up to five or six years in certain specialties. Applications are sent to the Royal College overseeing their desired specialty and candidates may apply to no more than five institutes that conduct training in that specialty. As of 2022, there were 40 base specialties and 49 subspecialties. Subspecialty training (fellowship) requires initial training in the respective base specialty and is generally 1–2 years in duration.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic REV-ERB agonist used mainly in preclinical research. It is not an approved medicine for human use.
It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors involved in circadian and metabolic gene regulation. This can alter transcription of genes related to lipid and glucose metabolism in experimental models.
No controlled human trials have established that effect. Endurance findings come primarily from rodent studies, and human responses remain unknown.
It is a synthetic compound that acts as an agonist at REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used mainly as a research chemical to study circadian and metabolic pathways. It is not approved for human therapeutic use.