A practical reference on NR1D1: what it is, how it behaves, what the literature reports, and where the honest uncertainties sit.
Reviewed 2025-08-08. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα (NR1D1) and REV-ERBβ (NR1D2). These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial function. It is not an approved medicine, and its pharmacological profile in humans remains largely uncharacterized. The compound is frequently discussed in the context of circadian biology and metabolic research rather than clinical use.
Preclinical reports have linked SR9009 to improved endurance and altered energy expenditure in rodents. Such findings have prompted interest in whether REV-ERB activation can influence skeletal muscle metabolism. However, the reported effects depend on dose, route, and experimental model, and replication across laboratories is limited. Human trials have not established comparable outcomes, so claims about exercise performance remain speculative. The absence of controlled human data is a central limitation in interpreting these observations.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as a REV-ERB agonist. REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ are nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. The compound was identified in academic screening efforts to find synthetic ligands for these receptors. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, and it can shift circadian behavior. It is not an approved therapeutic agent.
Mechanistically, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERBα/β and enhances recruitment of corepressor complexes. This represses target genes rather than activating them. Because REV-ERB proteins normally compete with ROR proteins at shared response elements, the net effect depends on tissue and timing. Researchers use SR9009 to probe how nuclear receptor signaling links the clock to metabolism, inflammation, and muscle biology. Findings are largely preclinical, and the precise contribution of each receptor subtype remains under study.
SR9009 is frequently discussed in fitness and research-chemical contexts, yet it has no approved medical indication. Regulatory agencies have not authorized it for human use, and it is not a standard prescription drug. Some sports organizations list it as a prohibited substance because of its potential performance-enhancing properties. Published human data are sparse, so claims about its effects in people often rely on animal models or anecdotal reports. Quality and identity of online materials can vary widely.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Small molecule; not a steroid or peptide. |
| Primary targets | NR1D1 and NR1D2 | Also known as REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. |
| Studied routes | Intraperitoneal in rodents | Oral bioavailability in humans is not established. |
| Human approval | No approved therapeutic indication | No recognized clinical use. |
| Key uncertainty | Human physiological effects | Preclinical findings may not translate. |
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise endurance, mitochondrial content, and lipid profiles in rodents, but these findings come from specific experimental conditions. Many studies use high doses or delivery methods that may not translate directly to human use. SR9009 has been reported to have low oral bioavailability and a short half-life, which complicates interpretation of oral dosing studies. It is not established as safe or effective for any indication. Literature discussions often separate its pharmacological mechanism from unverified claims made in fitness and supplement markets.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not an approved medicine and has no established human therapeutic use. The compound appears in scientific literature as a tool for probing circadian and metabolic regulation. Online sellers often label it as a research chemical, sometimes using the nickname Stenabolic. Its chemical identity is distinct from selective androgen receptor modulators, stimulants, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists. Researchers use it mainly in cell and animal experiments.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and alters their repressive activity on target genes. These nuclear receptors help regulate the circadian clock, lipid synthesis, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. By changing transcription, the compound can shift the timing or magnitude of downstream metabolic processes in model systems. It does not act through androgen receptors or adenosine receptors, which distinguishes it from several substances sold for athletic performance. Whether the same transcriptional changes occur in humans at tolerable exposures remains an open question because controlled human studies are lacking.
SR9009 binds REV-ERB receptors and alters their repressive activity on target genes. This action can change transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. In rodent studies, treated animals have shown changes in muscle oxidative capacity and exercise performance, though effects vary by dose, duration, and model. The precise molecular steps connecting receptor binding to whole-body outcomes are still an active area of investigation. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Because REV-ERB receptors are core clock components, SR9009 has been examined for effects on daily rhythms as well as metabolism. Research has explored whether the compound can shift or reinforce circadian gene expression in tissues such as liver and muscle. Some studies report improved metabolic markers in obese or diabetic mice, while others show context-dependent responses. Questions remain about which effects are direct, which are secondary to timing, and how they might differ across species.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically supplied as a white to off-white powder. The compound dissolves readily in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, while its solubility in water is low. Because of this solubility profile, researchers often prepare concentrated stock solutions in an organic solvent before diluting them into aqueous assay buffers. Light exposure, moisture, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade many small molecules, so handling procedures usually aim to minimize these factors. Purity is commonly checked before use.
Storage conditions for research-grade SR9009 generally involve a freezer at approximately minus twenty degrees Celsius, sometimes lower for long-term preservation. Containers should remain tightly closed and protected from light. Desiccants may be used to limit moisture uptake. Solutions are often stored in aliquots to avoid repeated warming and cooling. Stability data for the compound under various conditions are limited, so laboratories typically follow supplier recommendations and verify performance through periodic analytical checks rather than assuming indefinite stability.
=== Menkes disease === Menkes disease, a genetic condition of copper deficiency, was first described by John Menkes in 1962. It is a rare X-linked disorder that affects approximately 1/200,000 live births, primarily boys. Livers of Menkes disease patients cannot absorb essential copper needed for patients to survive. Death usually occurs in early childhood: most affected individuals die before the age of 10 years, although several patients have survived into their teens and early 20s. The protein produced by the Menkes gene is responsible for transporting copper across the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) mucosa and the blood–brain barrier. Mutational defects in the gene encoding the copper ATPase cause copper to remain trapped in the lining of the small intestine. Hence, copper cannot be pumped out of the intestinal cells and into the blood for transport to the liver and consequently to rest of the body. The disease therefore resembles a severe nutritional copper deficiency despite adequate ingestion of copper. Symptoms of the disease include coarse, brittle, depigmented hair and other neonatal problems, including the inability to control body temperature, intellectual disability, skeletal defects, and abnormal connective tissue growth. Menkes patients exhibit severe neurological abnormalities, apparently due to the lack of several copper-dependent enzymes required for brain development, including reduced cytochrome c oxidase activity. The brittle, kinky hypopigmented hair of steely appearance is due to a deficiency in an unidentified cuproenzyme.
=== Cardiogenesis === Development of heart is involved in several rounds of EMT and MET. While development splanchnopleure undergo EMT and produce endothelial progenitors, these then form the endocardium through MET. Pericardium is formed by sinus venosus mesenchymal cells that undergo MET. Quite similar processes occur also while regeneration in the injured heart. Injured pericardium undergoes EMT and is transformed into adipocytes or myofibroblasts which induce arrhythmia and scars. MET than leads to the formation of vascular and epithelial progenitors that can differentiate into vasculogenic cells which lead to regeneration of heart injury.
Monitoring members' progress in implementing anti–money laundering measures, Reviewing and reporting on laundering trends, techniques, and countermeasures, and Promoting the adoption and implementation of FATF anti–money laundering standards globally. The FATF currently comprises 34 member jurisdictions and 2 regional organisations, representing most major financial centres in all parts of the globe. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime maintains the International Money Laundering Information Network, a website that provides information and software for anti–money laundering data collection and analysis. The World Bank has a website that provides policy advice and best practices to governments and the private sector on anti–money laundering issues. The Basel AML Index is an independent annual ranking that assesses the risk of money laundering and terrorist financing around the world.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
After Chell defeats GLaDOS, Rattmann escapes Aperture, but returns against the Companion Cube's objections when he sees the Party Escort Bot dragging an unconscious Chell back inside and into a disabled cryo chamber. He ensures that Chell is kept in indefinite suspended animation, but he is shot by a turret in the process. He then enters a stasis pod himself, leaving his fate afterward unknown.
Iodine-131 (131I, I-131) is a radioisotope of iodine discovered by Glenn Seaborg and John Livingood in 1938 at the University of California, Berkeley. It has a radioactive decay half-life of about eight days. It is associated with nuclear energy, medical diagnostic and treatment procedures, and natural gas production. It also plays a major role as a radioactive isotope present in nuclear fission products, and was a significant contributor to the health hazards from open-air atomic bomb testing in the 1950s, and from the Chernobyl disaster, as well as being a large fraction of the contamination hazard in the first weeks in the Fukushima nuclear crisis. This is because 131I is a major fission product of uranium and plutonium, comprising nearly 3% of the total products of fission (see fission product yield). Due to its beta decay, iodine-131 causes mutation and death in cells that it penetrates, and other cells up to several millimeters away. For this reason, high doses of the isotope are sometimes less dangerous than low doses, since they tend to kill thyroid tissues that would otherwise become cancerous as a result of the radiation. For example, children treated with moderate dose of 131I for thyroid adenomas had a detectable increase in thyroid cancer, but children treated with a much higher dose did not. Likewise, most studies of very-high-dose 131I for treatment of Graves' disease have failed to find any increase in thyroid cancer, even though there is linear increase in thyroid cancer risk with 131I absorption at moderate doses.
An explanation of this relation in terms of linear elasticity theory is problematic. Linear elasticity theory predicts that stress (and hence the strain) at the tip of a sharp flaw in a linear elastic material is infinite. To avoid that problem, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach to explain the relation that he observed. The growth of a crack, the extension of the surfaces on either side of the crack, requires an increase in the surface energy. Griffith found an expression for the constant
Moses Kacoul Machar (born 1945) was the Second Vice President of Sudan from February 2001 to January 2005. In 2004, he was sent abroad for medical treatment for an unspecified illness. Machar was also involved with talks with the Foreign Minister of Yemen, Abu Bakr al-Qerbi to forge a stronger relationship between the two countries. Before appointment as Vice President of Sudan, he was a professor in Juba University. In 2017 he was appointed to the South Sudanese National Dialogue steering committee.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
They were treated for about four years and gained 4-8 cm in adult height. Controversy has arisen as to whether all of these children were truly "short normal" children, since the average IGF1 was low. Approval of HGH for the treatment of this extreme degree of shortness led to an increase in the number of parents seeking its use to make otherwise normal children a little taller.
== Location == The paraventricular nucleus lies adjacent to the third ventricle. It lies within the periventricular zone and is not to be confused with the periventricular nucleus, which occupies a more medial position, beneath the third ventricle. The PVN is highly vascularised and is protected by the blood–brain barrier, although its neuroendocrine cells extend to sites (in the median eminence and in the posterior pituitary) beyond the blood–brain barrier. The PVN accounts for only about 1% of the brain volume. In the rat, the PVN consists of approximately 100,000 neurons located in a volume of about 0.5 cubic millimetre.
On the other hand, basement membrane along the mature mammary ducts is thicker, with strong adhesion to epithelial cells via binding to integrin and non-integrin receptors. When side branches develop, it is a much more "pushing-forward" working process including extending through myoepithelial cells, degrading basement membrane and then invading into a periductal layer of fibrous stromal tissue. Degraded basement membrane fragments (laminin-5) roles to lead the way of mammary epithelial cells migration. Whereas, laminin-1 interacts with non-integrin receptor dystroglycan negatively regulates this side branching process in case of cancer. These complex "Yin-yang" balancing crosstalks between mammary ECM and epithelial cells "instruct" healthy mammary gland development until adult. There is preliminary evidence that soybean intake mildly stimulates the breast glands in pre- and postmenopausal women.
== Target and molecular mechanism == When U7-CNTX-Pn1a was tested on HEK 293 cells that were transfected with rTRPV1, capsaicin receptor, induced inward Ca2+ currents were blocked. U7-CNTX-Pn1a inhibited the release of glutamate from the trigeminal ganglion. This together suggests that the toxin blocks TRPV1 receptors. In comparison to SB-366791, which is a selective TRPV1 blocker, the toxin was found to exert greater inhibitory potency as a much lower concentration was needed of the U7-CNTX-Pn1a, with an IC50 of 47 ± 0.18nM, 45 ± 1.18nM and 390 ± 5.1nM for the native, recombinant U7-CNTX-Pn1a and SB-366791, respectively. Additionally, in a neuropathic pain model the toxin was discovered to target L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) using L-type VGCC blockers. The mild antinociceptive effect reversed when U7-CNTX-Pn1a was administered to the mice (30 fmol/site, i.t.), however, the exact underlying mechanism was not discovered yet.
Meyer (1940), composer, author, philosopher known for his contributions to the aesthetic theory of music Orrin Keepnews (1943), jazz record producer and winner of the 1988 Grammy Award for Best Album Notes and Best Historical Album Mort Lindsey (1944), musical director for Judy Garland and Merv Griffin Dick Hyman (1948), musical director for Arthur Godfrey; composer or arranger for Hannah and Her Sisters and The Purple Rose of Cairo; Emmy Award winner Philip Springer (1950), composer known for writing the song "Santa Baby" Randy Starr (1951), dentist and composer for Elvis Presley Eric Salzman (1954), composer, producer, critic; founder of the American Music Theater Festival and composer-in-residence of the Center for Contemporary Opera Malcolm Frager (1955), piano virtuoso Mike Berniker (1957), musical producer and winner of nine Grammy Awards Billy Goldenberg (1957), composer and winner of four Emmy Awards John Corigliano (1959), winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Music and Academy Award for Best Original Score Edward Kleban (1959), lyricist for A Chorus Line David Bromberg* (1960s), Grammy Award-nominated musician Art Rosenbaum (1960), Grammy Award-winning art professor and musician at Georgia State University Charles Wuorinen (1961), serialist composer and winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Music for Time's Encomium Charlie Morrow (1962), sound artist and musician Joel Krosnick (1963), chamber musician and member of the Juilliard String Quartet David Rubinson (1963), record and music producer of Apocalypse Now, founder of San Francisco Records and The Automatt recording studio Art Garfunkel (1965), singer of Simon and Garfunkel, famous for the song "The Sound of Silence" Daniel Waitzman (1965), flutist and composer Kenneth Ascher (1966), Academy Award-nominated jazz pianist; writer of "Rainbow Connection" from The Muppet Movie David Schiff (1967), composer Tom Werman (1967), former record producer for Epic Records Billy Cross (1968), guitarist, singer, and producer who lives in Denmark Jon Bauman (1969), "Bowzer" of Sha Na Na James "Plunky" Branch (1969), jazz musician Cameron Brown (1969), jazz bassist Emanuel Ax (1970), concert pianist Marc Copland (1970), jazz pianist and composer Scott Simon (1970), member of Sha Na Na Frederick "Dennis" Greene (1971), member of Sha Na Na; professor of law at the University of Dayton Armen Donelian (1972), jazz pianist Jocko Marcellino (1972), member of Sha Na Na Phil Schaap (1973), Charlie Parker authority and multiple Grammy Award winner for engineering, production, and album notes Eugene Drucker (1973), Grammy Award-winning violinist, member of the Emerson String Quartet Sam Morrison (1973), saxophonist Michael Jeffrey Shapiro (1973), composer and conductor Richard Einhorn (1975), composer, Voices of Light Phil Kline (1975), composer Paul Phillips (1978), conductor, composer, and music scholar at Brown University Erik Friedlander (1982), cellist, son of American photographer Lee Friedlander Robbie Fulks* (1984), Grammy Award-nominated American alternative country singer-songwriter Dave Nachmanoff (1986), award-winning folk singer and sideman to Al Stewart John Bohlinger (1988), musician and music director on NBC program Nashville Star Laura Cantrell (1989), country musician Peter J. Nash (1989), member of 3rd Bass Mac McCaughan (1990), member of indie rockband Superchunk and founder of Merge Records Richard Carrick (1993), pianist, composer, professor at Berklee College of Music Gil Shaham (1993), violinist Jefferson Friedman (1996), composer Tom Kitt (1996), composer, co-winner of the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the Tony Award for Best Original Score for his score of the musical Next to Normal R. Luke DuBois (1997), composer and artist Lauryn Hill* (1997), Grammy Award-winning R&B singer and songwriter, and member of The Fugees Sean Lennon* (1997), singer and songwriter, and son of John Lennon and Yoko Ono Orli Shaham (1997), pianist Yelena Dudochkin (1998), Ukrainian-American soprano Scott Hoffman (1999), known by the stage name Babydaddy, member of the rock band Scissor Sisters The Two Man Gentlemen Band, modern musical duo that consists of Fuller Condon (2000) and Andy Bean (2001) Mason Bates (2000), Grammy Award-winning composer Tom Frank (2000), journalist, former member of indie-rock band Jonathan Fire*Eater Hikaru Utada* (2000), Japanese pop star Alicia Keys* (2001), Grammy Award-winning R&B singer and songwriter Brian Weitz (2001), founding member of experimental band Animal Collective Emily and Julia Bruskin (2002), members of the Claremont Trio Ken-David Masur (2002), musical director of the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra, son of conductor Kurt Masur Ariana Ghez (2003), oboist Nico Muhly (2003), contemporary classical music composer Anna Bulbrook (2004), violinist formerly member of indie band The Airborne Toxic Event Alisa Weilerstein (2004), cellist and 2011 MacArthur Fellow Tristan Perich (2004), contemporary composer and sound artist Peter Cincotti (2005), pianist Ellen Reid (2005), composer and recipient of the 2019 Pulitzer Prize for Music Patrick Higgins (2006), composer, musician, producer Michael Barimo (2006), pop singer and whistler Rostam Batmanglij (2006), member of alt-rock band Vampire Weekend Ezra Koenig (2006), member of alt-rock band Vampire Weekend Chris Tomson (2006), member of alt-rock band Vampire Weekend Chris Baio (2007), member of alt-rock band Vampire Weekend Call Me Ace or Anthony Patterson (2011), rapper Adam Met (2013), member of pop band AJR Danny Mercer (2013), singer, songwriter and producer Nathan Chan (2014), cellist Conrad Tao (2015), composer, pianist, violinist Jack Met* (2019), member of pop band AJR Maude Latour (2022), singer-songwriter Annie Moon (2026), member of a co-ed K-Pop Group ALLDAY PROJECT
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic compound that acts as an agonist at REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used mainly as a research chemical to study circadian and metabolic pathways. It is not approved for human therapeutic use.
REV-ERB receptors generally repress transcription when bound by natural heme. SR9009 is described as an agonist that enhances this repressive activity. The result is altered expression of clock and metabolic genes.
Published controlled human trials are lacking. Some sources cite limited or unofficial reports, but these do not establish safety or efficacy. Claims about human performance effects remain unverified.
SR9009 is a synthetic compound investigated as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used in preclinical research on circadian rhythm and metabolism. It is not an approved drug.