The short version of certificate of analysis fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
Reviewed 2026-03-17. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies showing improved running endurance in mice after short treatment periods. Those experiments linked the compound to increased mitochondrial content and fatty acid oxidation in muscle, but the findings come from animal models and specific dosing schedules. Independent replication has been limited, and the pathways connecting REV-ERB activation to exercise performance are still being mapped. Whether similar responses occur in humans is an open question.
SR9009 is often grouped with compounds studied for circadian and metabolic regulation rather than with classical anabolic steroids. Its interactions with nuclear receptors differ from those of androgen receptor ligands, and its proposed mechanisms involve transcriptional control rather than direct hormone signaling. Some sources classify it as a metabolic modulator because of observed effects on energy utilization. The distinction matters for regulation and for interpreting research results across different compound classes.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as a REV-ERB agonist. It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, the compound alters lipid and glucose handling and influences skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Its exact effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized because controlled clinical trials have not been reported. The molecule is frequently described in preclinical literature as a metabolic modulator.
Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise endurance, mitochondrial content, and lipid profiles in rodents, but these findings come from specific experimental conditions. Many studies use high doses or delivery methods that may not translate directly to human use. SR9009 has been reported to have low oral bioavailability and a short half-life, which complicates interpretation of oral dosing studies. It is not established as safe or effective for any indication. Literature discussions often separate its pharmacological mechanism from unverified claims made in fitness and supplement markets.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not an approved medicine and has no established human therapeutic use. The compound appears in scientific literature as a tool for probing circadian and metabolic regulation. Online sellers often label it as a research chemical, sometimes using the nickname Stenabolic. Its chemical identity is distinct from selective androgen receptor modulators, stimulants, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists. Researchers use it mainly in cell and animal experiments.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and alters their repressive activity on target genes. These nuclear receptors help regulate the circadian clock, lipid synthesis, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. By changing transcription, the compound can shift the timing or magnitude of downstream metabolic processes in model systems. It does not act through androgen receptors or adenosine receptors, which distinguishes it from several substances sold for athletic performance. Whether the same transcriptional changes occur in humans at tolerable exposures remains an open question because controlled human studies are lacking.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the free base |
| Molecular weight | 437.9 g/mol | Calculated from the formula |
| Primary target | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptors involved in circadian regulation |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Poorly soluble in water |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated | Protect from light and moisture |
Regulatory status varies by country and intended use. Major drug agencies have not granted marketing authorization for SR9009 as a medicine, and it is not listed as a controlled substance in many jurisdictions. It is often sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside pharmaceutical manufacturing rules. Buyers should verify local laws and supplier documentation, including certificates of analysis. The lack of standardized quality controls raises concerns about identity, purity, and actual content in products marketed online.
In laboratory settings, SR9009 is commonly identified by its molecular structure and its interaction with REV-ERB receptors. Vendors may list it under synonyms such as Stenabolic or REV-ERB agonist, but those names do not define purity or identity. Analytical confirmation typically uses high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. A reference standard is needed to compare retention time and mass spectrum, because the compound can be confused with related research chemicals.
Quality control for research materials includes identity confirmation by nuclear magnetic resonance and purity assessment by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mass spectrometry provides molecular weight confirmation and can detect related impurities. Purchasers should request a certificate of analysis that lists lot-specific data. Online products advertised for human use often lack such documentation. Distinguishing legitimate research material from mislabeled or contaminated samples is a recurring challenge in independent testing, and independent laboratories may use orthogonal methods to verify identity.
Detection of SR9009 in biological samples usually relies on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. This approach separates the compound from matrix components and identifies it by mass transitions. Because SR9009 can undergo metabolism, laboratories often look for both parent drug and specific metabolites. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation or solid-phase extraction. Method validation examines sensitivity, carryover, and interference from related substances, and reference standards are required for accurate calibration.
Storage recommendations for SR9009 reference material typically specify a freezer at -20 °C or lower, with protection from moisture and light. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade small molecules and introduce variability. Stock solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide are often aliquoted to avoid repeated handling. Stability studies may examine degradation under heat, humidity, and light exposure. The compound's thiophene and nitro groups can participate in reactions that alter analytical signals over time, so such changes affect quantitative results.
The mechanism of action involves binding to REV-ERB receptors and recruiting corepressor complexes, which represses target gene transcription. This contrasts with many nuclear receptor agonists that activate transcription. Downstream effects may include changes in autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipid handling, but the precise pathways remain an active area of study. Whether these molecular events translate into meaningful physiological effects in humans is unresolved. Most evidence comes from cultured cells and rodent models rather than human participants.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα (NR1D1) and REV-ERBβ (NR1D2). These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial function. It is not an approved medicine, and its pharmacological profile in humans remains largely uncharacterized. The compound is frequently discussed in the context of circadian biology and metabolic research rather than clinical use.
Preclinical reports have linked SR9009 to improved endurance and altered energy expenditure in rodents. Such findings have prompted interest in whether REV-ERB activation can influence skeletal muscle metabolism. However, the reported effects depend on dose, route, and experimental model, and replication across laboratories is limited. Human trials have not established comparable outcomes, so claims about exercise performance remain speculative. The absence of controlled human data is a central limitation in interpreting these observations.
Co-Founder, Beacon Collaborative and Director, Rosa Fund. For services to Philanthropy, to Women and Girls, to the Arts and to the Economy. Charles Henry, Duke of Richmond and Gordon, DL. For services to Heritage, to Sport and to Charity. Kevin James David Ellis. Alliance Senior Partner, PwC UK and Middle East. For services to Economic Growth and Expanding Social Mobility. Nicholas Emery. Founding Partner and Chief Executive Officer, Brandtech Media. For services to the Media and Marketing Industries. Professor Paul Emery, OBE. Versus Arthritis Professor of Rheumatology, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Disease, University of Leeds. For services to Rheumatology. Professor Penelope Claire Endersby, FREng. Chief Executive Officer, Met Office. For services to Meteorology, to Defence Science and to Technology. Professor Kenneth John Falconer, FRSE. Regius Professor of Mathematics, University of St Andrews. For services to Mathematics. Angela Foulkes. Chief Executive and Principal, The Sheffield College. For services to Further Education. Yvonne Helen Fovargue, MP. Member of Parliament for Makerfield. For Political and Public Service. Timothy David Gardam. Journalist. For services to Journalism and to Education. Professor Danielle Amanda George, MBE. Professor of Radio Frequency Engineering, University of Manchester. For services to Public Engagement in Engineering. Dr. Phillip Anthony George. Lately Chair, Arts Council of Wales. For services to the Arts in Wales. Paul William Martin Golding. Chair, Pinewood Group.
== Products == The JEOL AccuTOF JMS T100LC mass spectrometer won a bronze award at the 2002 Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy The DART ion source won a Pittcon Editors' Gold Award at the 2005 Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy maskless lithograph ML2 type, JBX-8100FS, based on patented ZrO/W (Schottky) emitter.
Cold fusion is a hypothesized type of nuclear reaction that would occur at, or near, room temperature. It would contrast starkly with the "hot" fusion that is known to take place naturally within stars, artificially in hydrogen bombs, and within prototype fusion reactors; all of which occur at temperatures of millions of degrees. It is also distinguished from muon-catalyzed fusion. There is currently no accepted theoretical model that describes how cold fusion could occur. In 1989, two electrochemists at the University of Utah, Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons, reported that their apparatus containing heavy water had produced anomalous heat ("excess heat") of a magnitude they asserted would defy explanation except in terms of nuclear processes. They further reported measuring small amounts of nuclear reaction byproducts, including neutrons and tritium, both of which are produced by fusion of deuterium, found in heavy water (see Fusion power § Deuterium). The small tabletop experiment involved electrolysis of heavy water on the surface of a palladium (Pd) electrode. The reported results received wide media attention and raised hopes of a cheap and abundant source of energy. Both neutrons and tritium are found in trace amounts from natural sources. These traces are produced by cosmic ray interactions and nuclear radioactive decays occurring in the atmosphere and the earth. Many scientists tried to replicate the experiment with the few details available.
=== Non-intentional chimerism related to treatments === Several cases of chimera phenomena have been reported in bone marrow recipients. In 2019, the blood and seminal fluid of a man in Reno, Nevada (who had undergone a vasectomy), exhibited only the genetic content of his bone marrow donor. Swabs from his lips, cheek and tongue showed mixed DNA content. The DNA content of semen from an assault case in 2004 matched that of a man who had been in prison at the time of the assault, but who had been a bone marrow donor for his brother, who was later determined to have committed the crime. In 2008, a man was killed in a traffic accident that occurred in Seoul, South Korea. A DNA analysis to identify him revealed that his blood, along with some of his organs, appeared to show that he was female. It was later determined that he had received a bone marrow transplant from his daughter. Another instance of treatment-related human chimerism was published in 1998, where a male human had some partially developed female organs due to chimerism. He had been conceived by in-vitro fertilization.
In the case of feminizing surgery surgery for transgender patients, labiaplasty is usually the second stage of a two-stage vaginoplasty/vulvoplasty operation, where labiaplasty techniques are applied to create labia minora and a clitoral hood. In this procedure, the labiaplasty is usually performed some months after the first stage of vaginoplasty.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Wet market is a regional English term for a marketplace, also called a public market or a traditional market, that sells fresh foods, such as meat, fish, and produce, and other consumption-oriented perishable goods in a non-supermarket setting, as distinguished from "dry markets" that sell durable goods, such as fabrics, kitchenwares and electronics. The term was popularised by the Singaporean government in the 1970s and did not originate in mainland China, where such markets are called "farmers' markets" or "produce markets". It was little known in English before the COVID-19 pandemic, when coverage of the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan brought it to global prominence. Such markets include a wide variety of types, such as farmers' markets, fish markets, and wildlife markets. Not all of them sell live animals, but the term is sometimes used to signify a live animal market in which vendors slaughter animals upon customer purchase, such as is done with poultry in Hong Kong. Such markets are common in many parts of the world, notably in China, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. They often play critical roles in urban food security due to factors of pricing, freshness of food, social interaction, and local cultures. Despite their importance in local food systems and livelihoods, they often lack essential food safety infrastructure, such as cold chains, standardized hygiene practices, regular inspection, and product traceability.
=== In humans === Human gametes and two-, four- and eight-cell embryos can survive cryopreservation at -196 °C for 10 years under well-controlled laboratory conditions. Cryopreservation in humans with regards to infertility involves preservation of embryos, sperm, or oocytes via freezing. Conception, in vitro, is attempted when the sperm is thawed and introduced to the 'fresh' eggs, the frozen eggs are thawed and sperm is placed with the eggs and together they are placed back into the uterus or a frozen embryo is introduced to the uterus. Vitrification has flaws and is not as reliable or proven as freezing fertilized sperm, eggs, or embryos as traditional slow freezing methods because eggs alone are extremely sensitive to temperature. Many researchers are also freezing ovarian tissue in conjunction with the eggs in hopes that the ovarian tissue can be transplanted back into the uterus, stimulating normal ovulation cycles. In 2004, Donnez of Louvain in Belgium reported the first successful ovarian birth from frozen ovarian tissue. In 1997, samples of ovarian cortex were taken from a woman with Hodgkin's lymphoma and cryopreserved in a (Planer, UK) controlled-rate freezer and then stored in liquid nitrogen. Chemotherapy was initiated after the patient had premature ovarian failure. In 2003, after freeze-thawing, orthotopic autotransplantation of ovarian cortical tissue was done by laparoscopy and after five months, reimplantation signs indicated recovery of regular ovulatory cycles.
== Treatment in the future == N-terminal acetylation plays a larger role overall in cell homeostasis and changing one of the NATs has a large impact, mostly due to the vast number of substrates that are subjected to N-terminal acetylation. The mechanism and impact on the proteome level are much needed to be studied, to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the phenotypes of the affected individuals. There could be many proteins involved in such mechanisms, and this needs to be studied to reveal new angles for improved treatment.
=== Daria Greenock === Daria Greenock (Freya Mavor) is a VP at Pierpoint's CPS desk, and Harper's line manager during her internship. Daria works to foster a poised, professional relationship with Harper, who nonetheless finds herself drawn more to Eric's fiery, cutthroat management style, frequently undercutting Daria in the process. When Harper confides to Daria that Eric locked her in a conference room to berate her for a mistake, Daria tells Sara and the two push Harper to file a formal complaint, getting Eric fired and positioning Daria to become CPS' managing director in his place. Harper is initially allowed to keep the outsize bonus that Eric paid her as long as she keeps it quiet, but Daria later has Harper pay it back after Harper talks about it during a party. On RIF day, Harper accepts a deal to retract her complaint against Eric and get him rehired, leading to Daria's firing. In series 2, Daria is revealed to have joined Goldman Sachs; though she is on maternity leave, she visits the office during a sham interview with Harper, Eric, and Rishi to revel in their humiliation. In series 3, however, Daria agrees to help Harper short Pierpoint alongside Kenny and Jackie, who have also joined Goldman Sachs, out of spite towards their ex-employer.
=== Age-appropriate use === Nipples (teats) are typically subdivided by flow rate, with the slowest flow rate recommended for premature infants and infants with feeding difficulties. However, flow rates are not standardised and vary considerably between brands. When the infant is held in someone's arms while being bottle-fed, it receives physical contact, not as close as during breastfeeding, but more than when the bottle is given while lying in bed. Lying on its back, the infant is more likely to choke and misses out on the physical contact that is so important for its development. The NHS recommends a sippy cup or beaker be introduced by 6 months and the use of bottles discontinued by 1 year. The AAP recommends that the cup be introduced by one year of age and that the use of the bottle by discontinued by 18 months. The use of bottles is discouraged beyond two years of age by most health organisations as prolonged use can cause tooth decay. Early childhood caries (ECC) is also a concern when considering how long breastfeeding should continue.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic REV-ERB agonist used mainly in preclinical research. It is not an approved medicine for human use.
It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors involved in circadian and metabolic gene regulation. This can alter transcription of genes related to lipid and glucose metabolism in experimental models.
No controlled human trials have established that effect. Endurance findings come primarily from rodent studies, and human responses remain unknown.
SR9009 is a synthetic REV-ERB agonist used in laboratory research. It is not an approved drug, and its effects in humans are not well characterized. It is often sold as a research chemical under the name Stenabolic.